WGU D027 Final Exam Complete Study Guide (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct

WGU D027 Final Exam Complete Study

Guide (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Advanced

Pathopharmacological Foundations|

Questions and Verified Answers| 100%

Correct

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - structure

Answer:

LEFT ventricle is underdevel- oped

Mitral valves not formed properly Aortic valve not formed properly Ascending aorta

underdeveloped Atrial septal defect

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - fetal shunts

Answer:

patent ductus arteriosus - artery connecting aorta to pulmonary artery

patent foramen ovale - hole connecting right atrium to left atrium

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - survival rates

Answer:

3-5 year survival rates of

70% for infants with stage 1 repari

Children who survive 12 months have 90% survival rate

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 1

Answer:

1-2 weeks old (nor- wood procedure)

Enlarges aorta and connects to the right ventricle, shunt to pulmonary artery is created, patent

ductus arteriosus is closed

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 2

Answer:

4-6 months old (glenn procedure)

SVC is connected to pulmonary artery, shunt from norwood is removed

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 3

Answer:

18-36 months old

(fontan procedure)

IVC is connected to pulmonary artery, hole is made from the IVC conduit attached to the right

atrium

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - s/s

Answer:

cyanosis, pallor, sweaty/clammy/cool skin, trouble breathing, rapid HR, cold feet, poor pedal

pulses, poor feeding

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - testing

Answer:

during pregnancy - prenatal tests to check for birth defects, ultrasound to identify HLLS,

echocardiogram to show structures of heart

after birth - based on s/s through pallor and cyanosis, newborn will experience s/s once ductus

arteriosus and foramen ovale close

echocardiogram

Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - medication

Answer:

tube feedings, medications to strengthen heart muscles, lower BP, and remove extra fluid

Q: Parathyroid - function

Answer:

produces parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium in the bloodstream/tissue - more PTH

released = more calcium in bones released to blood/tissue = losing density and strength

Q: Parathyroid - labs

Answer:

calcium (8.6-10.3 mg/dL) PTH (11-51 pg/mL)

Q: Parathyroid - s/s hyperparathyroid

Answer:

osteoporosis, kidney stones, excessive urination, abdominal pain, fatigue, forgetfulness,

bone/joint pain

Q: Parathyroid - s/s hypoparathyroid

Answer:

High PTH, low T3/T4

paresthesia, twitching of facial muscles, muscle pains/cramps, mood changes, dry/rough skin

Q: Parathyroid - testing

Answer:

ultrasound, bone densitometry, body CT/MRI

Q: Parathyroid - medications

Answer:

calcimimetics, hormone replacement, biphospho- nates

Q: Parathyroid - treatment

Answer:

maintain low serum calcium level in hypoparathyroid

Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - definition

Answer:

progressive genetic dis- order causing children to age rapidly - no cure - appears in first two

years of life

Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - causes

Answer:

abberant splicing of the

LMNA making protein - progerin

Causes the nuclear envelope to surround the nucleus to be unstable and damages

it, causing it to die

test for LMNA mutation

Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - assessment

Answer:

measure height/weight, plot measurements on normal growth curve chart, test hearing and

vision