1. Multiple Choice: What is the primary purpose of transportation management systems (TMS) in logistics? a) Cost reduction b) Route optimization c) Inventory tracking d) Customer service improvement Answer: b) Route optimization Rationale: TMS is primarily used to optimize the planning and execution of physical movements of goods. 2. True/False: Cross-docking eliminates the need for storage facilities in a supply chain. Answer: True Rationale: Cross-docking involves unloading materials from an incoming vehicle and loading them directly onto outbound vehicles, with little or no storage in between. 3. Fill-in-the-Blank: The ________ effect explains h