Geology - The study of the planet Earth as it pertains to the composition, structure, and origin of its rocks. What's a Mineral? - Naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition and orderly internal crystal structure. Polymorph - two minerals that have the same chemical composition but a different crystal structure What's a Rock? - Aggregates of one or more minerals, and may also contain mineraloids, and organic remains. An Aggregate is? - A material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of fragments or particles. What's a Mineraloid? - Materials lacking in crystalline structure. What are the three types of Rocks? - Sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic How is a rock classified? - Based on both their formation and material content. How is a Mineral classified? - By their chemical composition. Petrology - scientific study of rocks (Composition, structure, texture, occurrence, mode of formation, and history.) Mineralogy - the study of minerals How are sedimentary rocks formed? - By the process of lithification, involving compaction, the expulsion of liquids from pores, and the cement action of pre-existing rock. Which is a part of the process of forming at Sedimentary rock? - Pressure and temperature Where are sedimentary rocks formed? - In layers in the presence of water, it also may contain organic remains such as fossils What are the three groups of Sedimentary rocks? - Detrital, Biogenic, Chemical How is igneous rock formed? - From magma cooling. Where is Magma located? - beneath the earth's surface . Where the Magma cools, igneous rock can be classified as - Intrusive, plutonic, hypabyssal, extrusive, and volcanic What is magma that solidifies at a great depth called? - Intrusive What is magma that solidifies near the surface called? - Extrusive What is magma that flows above the earths surface called? - Lava Hypabyssal Rock - Igneous rock that is formed at medium depths. Metamorphic Rock - rock that has been changed by heat and pressure What are some of the outcomes from the process of Metamorphic Rock? - Deformation, Compaction, and Destruction What can Igneous rock ferromagnesian be changed into? - Schist and Gneiss What can the Sedimentary Rock Carbonaceous be turned into? - Marble What is the result of rocks that are compressed on all sides or lack specific minerals be? - Unfoliated What is an example of an unfoliated rock? - Marble Fossils - Preservations of plant and animal remains or traces that date back about 10,000 years. Where are fossils found? - Rock strata or sedimentary rock How old is the Earth? - 4.6 billion years old Studies from the Precambrian eon show that life on Earth appeared ____ years ago. - 3.5 billion Examples of igneous rocks - granite, pumice, obsidian, basalt Examples of sedimentary rocks - shale, sandstone, gypsum, dolomite, coal examples of metamorphic rocks - marble, slate, gneiss, quartzite The Earth is Ellipsoid - Not a perfect sphere How large is the Earths diameter? - 12,715 km The center of the Earths depth is - 6,378 km