Oceanography - the scientific study of the oceans that integrates biology, chemistry, engineering, geology, and physics marine biology - The study of the living organisms that inhabit the seas and their interactions with each other and their environment. Aristotle - A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato and early marine biologist James Cook - A navigator and ship captain who explored and claimed land in Australia for England in 1770 and the first scientific oceanographer to make skillful measurements Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519- 1522 that was the first to sail around the world. Charles Darwin - English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) induction - a form of reasoning that involves forming generalizations based on evidence from specific cases; theories are the product of induction from a large number of specific observations or experiments deduction - a form of reasoning from one or more general statements to reach a logical conclusion about a specific instance scientific method - set of procedures used by scientists to learn about the natural world through a repeated process of observations and experiments and via the application of deductive and inductive reasoning hypotheses - statements of proposed explanations based on the observed evidence, which serve as a starting point for further investigation testable - describes a hypothesis that is able to be tested and thereby falsified or corroborated experiment - a scientific procedure that is used to test a hypothesis controlled variable - Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same scientific theory - A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results. Pacific Ocean - the largest ocean on Earth, bordered by Academic Decathlon - Science Resource Guide 2021-2022 the American continents, Asia, and Australia Atlantic Ocean - the second largest ocean basin in the world, bound by North America and South America in the western hemisphere and by Europe and Africa and in the eastern hemisphere Indian Ocean - the third largest ocean, named for its proximity to India Arctic Ocean - he smallest and shallowest of the oceans on Earth Southern Ocean - surrounds the continent of Antarctica; the only ocean not bound by continents core - the hot, dense, innermost layer of the Earth mantle - the middle, flowing layer in the Earth, bound by the core and the crust density - the compactness of a substance, measured as mass per unit volume Pangaea - supercontinent that existed on Earth before continental drift occurred continental drift - the hypothesis that all of the Earth's continents were once joined together in a super continent and have moved throughout geologic time theory of plate tectonics - a scientific theory that describes the mechanism for the largescale motion of tectonic plates on the Earth Alfred Wegener - A German scientist who proposed the theroy of continental drift divergent plate boundaries - occurs where two tectonic plates are pulling apart from each other; seafloor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries in the ocean. convergent plate boundaries - an area on Earth where two tectonic plates collide and where subduction occurs transform plate boundaries - the location where two tectonic plates slide past each other mid-ocean ridge - an underwater mountain range formed at divergent boundaries seafloor spreading - a geologic process, occurring at divergent boundaries, in which new seafloor is formed subduction - the downward movement of one crust plate into the mantle beneath another plate