what greatly shaped the time period of 1200-1450? 1.1 -Answer- regional trade what major thing happened in 1200-1450? 1.1 -Answer- several large empire emerged what was the most wealthy and innovative empire? 1.1 -Answer- the Song Dynasty in China what cities of learning were flourishing in the Islamic world? 1.1 -Answer- Baghdad and Spain what empire in Mesoamerica emerged? 1.1 -Answer- Aztecs what empires in West Africa were born out of regional trade? 1.1 -Answer- Ghana and Mali trade in the Indian Ocean caused states to form where? 1.1 -Answer- Zimbabwe, India, and Southeast Asia who were the Mongols? 1.1 -Answer- a group of nomads in Central Asia where did the Mongols conquer? 1.1 -Answer- central Europe to the Pacific Ocean the general effect of the Mongols was what? 1.1 -Answer- flourishing trade in Eurasia and the spread of new ideas and technology what was the time of relative peace under Mongol rule called? 1.1 -Answer- Pax Mongolica what defined the Song Dynasty? 1.1 -Answer- great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual achievements what teachings did the Song Dynasty use in the government? 1.1 -Answer- NeoConfucian teachings how did industrialization impact East Asia? 1.1 -Answer- caused China to have the best manufacturing ability what is the most "enduring testimony" to Chinese influence in East Asia? 1.1 -Answerthe spread of Confucianism and Buddhism how long did the Song Dynasty last? 1.1 -Answer- 960 to 1279 who invaded Song Chinese lands? 1.1 -Answer- pastoralists invaded in the North what is a Chinese imperial bureaucracy? 1.1 -Answer- a vast organization in which appointed officials carry out empire policy how long has the imperial bureaucracy been a part of Chinese government? 1.1 - Answer- started in the Qing Dynasty (221 BCE-207 BCE) what was Emperor Song Taizu known for? 1.1 -Answer- expanding educational opportunities for young men of economic class what was the civil service exam? 1.1 -Answer- exams based on Confucian teachingsmust pass them to get a bureaucracy what was meritocracy? 1.1 -Answer- an adjective used for China's bureaucratic system based on merit what was an important aspect of social classes during this time? 1.1 -Answer- the poor were vastly underrepresented in the government and people were allowed to move classes how did the large bureaucracy contribute to the fall of the Song? 1.1 -Answer- it created too many well paying jobs so they increased taxes to pay government officials and it dried up their wealth how did the Tang Dynasty agricultural and infrastructure developments impact the Song Dynasty? -Answer- led to rapid prosperity and population growth what was the Grand Canal? 1.1 -Answer- it was a quick and cheap waterway that was used to transport things easily what did the Grand Canal cause in China? 1.1 -Answer- it became the most populous trading area in the world why was gunpowder important in the Song period? 1.1 -Answer- the first guns were invented and used what is champa rice? 1.1 -Answer- a fast-ripening and drought resistant strain of rice what was the importance of champa rice? 1.1 -Answer- it allowed farming to spread which improved the economy what were the major innovations in agriculture during this time period? 1.1 -Answermanure, irrigation systems, heavy plows what were the results of agricultural innovations? 1.1 -Answer- an abundance of agriculture and an increase in world population from 25% to 40% in 3 centuries what is black earth? 1.1 -Answer- coal what did the Chinese mass produce during this time? 1.1 -Answer- cast iron goods what did the Chinese use steel for? 1.1 -Answer- reinforcing structures and making religious items what is proto-industrialization? 1.1 -Answer- economic change where rural people make more goods than they can sell what is an artisan? 1.1 -Answer- skilled craftworkers what Chinese innovations aided in sea navigation? 1.1 -Answer- the compass and paper maps what were China's chief exports? 1.1 -Answer- porcelains, textiles, and tea what does it mean when China is called the "world's most commercialized society"? 1.1 -Answer- China was the most profitable buying and selling society what did the Song change in regards to taxes? 1.1 -Answer- instead of slaves they used taxes to pay people to do labor what is a tributary system? 1.1 -Answer- states had to pay money/goods to honor the Chinese emperor what were Song China's tributary states? 1.1 -Answer- Japan, Korea, and other southeast Asian kingdoms what is a kowtow? 1.1 -Answer- a ritual to the great Chinese Emperor (bowing with your head to the floor) who was Zheng He? 1.1 -Answer- he was sent by the emperor to collect tributes who were the scholar gentry? 1.1 -Answer- the most influential class in China (educated in Confucian philosophy) what is an aristocracy? 1.1 -Answer- a class below the scholar gentry comprised of landowners what did the Song government provide for their people? 1.1 -Answer- aid to the poor and free public hospitals what was the stance of Confucian ideals towards women? 1.1 -Answer- they were to defer to men