1. Which of the following is a unique characteristic of prokaryotic cells? A) Nucleus B) Mitochondria C) Peptidoglycan cell wall D) Endoplasmic reticulum Answer: C) Peptidoglycan cell wall Rationale: Prokaryotic cells are distinguished by having a peptidoglycan cell wall, which eukaryotic cells lack. This structure provides strength and rigidity to the cell. 2. In the context of microbiology, what is the primary function of ribosomes? A) DNA replication B) Protein synthesis C) Energy production D) Cell division Answer: B) Protein synthesis Rationale: Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, translating genetic information into functional proteins. 3. Which cellular organelle is responsible for the detoxification of harmful substances in eukaryotic cells? A) Golgi apparatus B) Lysosome C) Peroxisome D) Nucleolus Answer: C) Peroxisome Rationale: Peroxisomes contain enzymes that neutralize toxins, such as hydrogen peroxide, making them crucial for detoxification processes in the cell. 4. What is the primary difference between the cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria? A) Thickness of peptidoglycan layer B) Presence of a plasma membrane C) Type of ribosomes present D) Size of the cell Answer: A) Thickness of peptidoglycan layer