Anatomy definition - is the study of the structures of the body. STRUCTURE Physiology definition - is the study of the function of the body. FUNCTION Understand how anatomy and physiology are different subjects, but are "joined at the hip". - You cannot have anatomy without physiology and vice versa Gross anatomy definition - anatomy that you can study without the aid of a microscope. You can physically hold the structure in your hand and see it with the naked eye. subcategory or anatomy and it is the study of large body structures. Histology definition - the study of tissues and it requires the use of light and electron microscopes in order to see the tissues structures. what is used to slice tissues in histology? - microtome Regional anatomy definition - "the body is studied area by area". used in most medical professions systemic anatomy defintion - "the body is studied system by system". used in introductory classes like this one. What about blending the regional & systemic approaches? - Within each region, all systems are studied simultaneously. Are regional and systemic approaches subcategories of gross? - yes, regional is studying the body area by area. Systemic is studying the body system by system. How is our course an "integrative" approach? - taking them and forming them together; Relating structure and function together. you can't study structure without function chemical level of A&P - atoms combined to form molecules cellular level of A&P - those molecules form organelles (such as nucleus & mitochondria) that make up cells in our body tissue level of A&P - similar cells & surrounding material make up tissue (such as smooth muscle tissue) organ level of A&P - different tissues combine to form organs, like the urinary bladder Organ definition - structure that's composed of at least 2 tissues and has a specific function. Ex → urinary bladder has epithelial tissue (innermost), connective tissue (to provide rigidity), and smooth muscle tissue organ system level of A&P - organs that serve the same end function (urinary bladder) make up organ system. Ex- Urinary system consists of the bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra and they all have a specific function to help excrete urine. organism level of A&P - organ systems make up an organism Know the four major categories of macromolecules. Is this an oversimplification (hint: molecules in the extracellular matrix of bone)? - Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Carbohydrates - "organic molecules composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and range in size from small to very large." most have a 2:1 ratio of carbon: hydrogen, like water. they are polar solvents. carbohydrates functions - 1. they are parts of other organic molecules. 2. they are broken down to provide energy. 3. when undigested they provide bulk in feces lipids - "major group of organic molecules that are defined as being relatively insoluble in water" but dissolved in nonpolar substances like alcohol or acetone. also "primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but have a lower ratio of oxygen to carbon than do carbohydrates." lipids functions - Functions include protection, insulation, regulation of steroid hormones like estrogen and testosterone, intake of fat-soluble vitamins, the structure of cell membranes, and long term storage of energy. proteins - organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and proteins functions - 1. regulation : enzymes control chemical reactions. hormones regulate many physiological processes. 2. transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. plasma proteins transport other substances in the blood. protein in plasma membranes control the movement of materials in and out of the cell. 3. protection: antibodies protect against microorganisms and other foreign substances 4. contraction: actin and myosin in the muscle are responsible for contraction. 5. structure: collagen fibers form a structural framework in many parts of the body. keratin adds strength to the skin, hair, and nails. 6. energy: proteins can be broken down for energy; per unit of weight they add as much energy as carbohydrates do nucleic acid - a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. nucleic acids functions - store and transmit genetic information What elements are among the major categories of macromolecules? - C,O,H,N What is the prominence of H20 in the body? - Water is the most abundant molecule in the body and water is about 66% of your body weight. What is the function of H20 in the body? - Protects body organs and tissues. Carries nutrients and oxygen to cells. Lubricates joints. Lessens burden the on kidneys and liver by flushing out waste products Tissue definition - A tissue is a group of cells, in close proximity, organized to perform one or more specific functions. What are the four major categories of tissue? - The four major categories are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous epithelial tissue definition - A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out connective tissue definition - A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts muscular tissue definition - Contracts and moves the various parts of the body. nervous tissue defintion - Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals. Organ system defintion - An organ system is a group of organs that work together as a biological system to perform one or more functions. Integumentary system function - barrier to invading organisms and chems; temp control integumentary system organs - Skin Hair Subcutaneous tissue Skeletal system function - support and movement, protection, mineral storage, blood formation Skeletal system organs - Bones Cartilage Ligaments Bone marrow muscular system function - locomotion and heat production muscular system organs - Muscles Tendons nervous system functions - coordinates activities of other organ systems and responds to sensations nervous system organs - Brain