Question 1 1.1 Dudley-Marling and Gurn (2010:4) in their book ‘The Myth of the Normal Curve’, contend that ‘to be considered outside the boundaries of normal has consequences’. 1.1.1 According to the medical model of disability, which learners in ordinary schools are regarded as ‘outside the boundaries of normal’ and how does this model justify the view that it holds of such learners? According to the medical model of disability, learners who are regarded as 'outside the boundaries of normal' are those who have physical, sensory, intellectual or emotional impairments that are seen as deviations from the typical or 'normal' functioning of the human body and mind. These learners are often diagnosed and labeled based on their disabilities and are viewed as needing special education services that are different from those offered to their non-disabled peers. The medical model of disability justifies the view that it holds of such learners by portraying them as deficient or impaired individuals who require medical or therapeutic interventions to overcome their limitations and become more 'normal' or 'functional'. 1.1.2 Discuss the consequences of being regarded as ‘outside the boundaries of normal’ referred to in The consequences of being regarded as 'outside the boundaries of normal' are many and varied. In ordinary schools, learners with disabilities may face social stigma, discrimination, and bullying from their peers, as well as low expectations, exclusion from extracurricular activities, and lack of access to appropriate educational resources and accommodations. They may also experience negative attitudes and biases from their teachers, who may view them as problematic, burdensome or incapable of learning. In full-service schools, these learners may face additional challenges related to the lack of appropriate support and accommodations, such as inaccessible physical environments, inadequate teaching and learning resources, and a lack of teacher training and awareness on disability issues. All these factors can lead to lower academic achievement, reduced selfesteem, social isolation, and limited opportunities for personal and social development.