Neuroscience EXAM 2– USA (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Exam Prep with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A

Neuroscience EXAM 2– USA (Latest 2023/

2024 Update) Exam Prep with Questions and

Verified Answers| 100% Correct| Grade A

Q: foramen magnum

Answer:

where most of the vertebral arteries runs up through and feeds blood up to the rest of the brain

Q: foramen spinosum

Answer:

where the middle meningeal artery runs

Q: jugular foramen

Answer:

where the jugular vein runs up through the skull

Q: herniations

Answer:

shifting of the brain due to vascular damage

Q: The 4 Ventricles

Answer:

- 2 lateral ventricles

- third ventricle

- fourth ventricle

Q: Choroid Plexus

Answer:

- made up of ependymal cells, produce CSF

- cilia movement circulate CSF

- fxn: buoyancy, cushioning, cleaning, ionic balance, pressure gradient

Q: CSF Flow:

Answer:

-produced by choroid plexus

-Lateral ventricles

-foramen of monro

-3rd ventricle

-cerebral aqueduct

-4th ventricle

-foramen of Luscka and Magendie

-subarachnoid space

-granulations

-arachnoid villi

Q: Cisterns

Answer:

- within subarachnoid space

- large pockets

*provides place to extract CSF via lumbar puncture

Q: CSF Visual Examination

Answer:

- Normal: sparking clear

- abnormal: cloudy/colored

Q: How does the CSF exit?

Answer:

- arachnoid granulations

- dumps into venous sinus

Q: Disorders of the CSF System:

Hydrocephalus

Answer:

- dilation of ventricles 2 degrees due to:

1. blocked CSF circulation

2. impeded CSF absorption

3. too much production

*results in pressure onto corticobulbar and corticospinal stracts --> increased weakness

Q: Disorders of the CSF System:

Increased Intercranial Pressure

Answer:

- any increase in size of any structure

e.g. diffuse cerebral edema, tumors, hemmorrhage, etc.

*symptoms: headache, nausea, bradycardia, hypertension, loss of consciousness, papilledema;

treatment elevate bed 30 degrees to avoid obstructing jugular venous return, drain, shunt, give

medications

Q: Where is lumbar puncture performed?

Answer:

- below L3

- typically b/t L4 & L5

Q: Separations of the dura membranes create ______ that are important parts of the _______

_________

Answer:

sinuses; venous system

Q: Cavernous Sinus

Answer:

- area where superior, inferior, and straight sinuses converge

- sits on Sella Turcica of skull

- surrounds pituitary gland

- internal carotid runs through

*abnormality in venous return compresses CNs or artery

Q: Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Answer:

- tight junctions b/t endothelial cells lining capillary walls

- astrocytes abutting on capillaries

*lipid-soluble can go across; water soluble cannot

Q: Differential Diagnosis of Headache

Answer:

- vascular (migraine, cluster headache)

- tension

- acute trauma

- hemorrhage

*important to look for sudden intense headaches

Q: Anterior circulation of brain comes off of what artery?

Answer:

Internal carotid

(common carotid >>> internal/external carotid >>> anterior and middle cerebral artery)