1. What is the difference between evidence-based practice and research utilization? Provide an example of each. - Evidence-based practice is the integration of the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences and values to make decisions about health care. Research utilization is the use of research findings to change or improve practice without considering other factors. An example of evidence-based practice is using a validated risk assessment tool to identify patients at risk of pressure ulcers and implementing appropriate interventions based on their individual needs and preferences. An example of research utilization is changing the frequency of wound dressing changes based on a single study without considering the patient's comfort, wound characteristics, or cost-effectiveness. 2. What are the three levels of prevention in public health nursing? Give an example of a nursing intervention for each level. - The three levels of prevention are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs by reducing exposure to risk factors or enhancing resistance to disease. An example of a primary prevention intervention is immunization against infectious diseases. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease or injury early, before it causes significant morbidity or mortality. An example of a secondary prevention intervention is screening for breast cancer with mammography. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce the impact of disease or injury by restoring function, preventing complications, or promoting quality of life. An example of a tertiary prevention intervention is rehabilitation after a stroke. 3. What are the four phases of the nursing process? Describe the main activities and outcomes of each phase. - The four phases of the nursing process are assessment, diagnosis, planning, and implementation. Assessment is the systematic collection and analysis of data about the patient's health status, needs, and preferences. The outcome of assessment is a comprehensive and accurate database that guides the subsequent phases. Diagnosis is the identification of the patient's actual or potential health problems or needs based on the assessment data. The outcome of diagnosis is a prioritized list of nursing diagnoses that provide the basis for planning. Planning is the development of measurable, realistic, and patient-centered goals and interventions to address the nursing diagnoses. The outcome of planning is a written or verbal plan of care that guides implementation. Implementation is the execution of the planned interventions in collaboration with the patient and other health care providers. The outcome of implementation is the delivery of safe and effective care that meets the patient's needs and goals. 4. What are the five rights of medication administration? Explain why each right is important for patient safety and quality care. - The five rights of medication administration are right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, and right time. Right patient means verifying the identity of the patient before giving any medication, using two identifiers such as name and date of birth or name and medical record number. This is important to prevent