1. What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women? How can UTIs be prevented and treated? A. The most common cause of UTIs in women is **Escherichia coli** (E. coli), a type of bacteria that normally lives in the intestines. UTIs can be prevented by drinking plenty of fluids, wiping from front to back after urinating or defecating, urinating after sexual intercourse, and avoiding irritants such as douches, perfumed products, or spermicides. UTIs can be treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and cranberry juice or supplements. 2. What are the signs and symptoms of **preeclampsia**? What are the potential complications for the mother and the fetus? A. Preeclampsia is a condition that occurs in some pregnant women, usually after 20 weeks of gestation, characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine. The signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include headache, blurred vision, swelling of the face, hands, or feet, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased urine output. Preeclampsia can lead to serious complications for the mother and the fetus, such as eclampsia (seizures), HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets), placental abruption, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, or stillbirth. 3. What are the risk factors and screening methods for **cervical cancer**? What are the treatment options for different stages of cervical cancer? A. The risk factors for cervical cancer include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, immunosuppression, multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, oral contraceptive use, and family history. The screening methods for cervical cancer include Pap smear and HPV test. The treatment options for different stages of cervical cancer depend on the size and extent of the tumor, the presence or absence of lymph node involvement or distant metastasis, and the patient's preferences and overall health. The treatment options may include surgery (such as hysterectomy, trachelectomy, or pelvic exenteration), radiation therapy (external or internal), chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. 4. What are the types and causes of **menstrual disorders**? How are they diagnosed and managed? A. Menstrual disorders are abnormal conditions that affect the menstrual cycle. They include **amenorrhea** (absence of menstruation), **dysmenorrhea** (painful menstruation), **menorrhagia** (heavy or prolonged bleeding), **metrorrhagia** (irregular or frequent bleeding), **oligomenorrhea** (infrequent or light bleeding), and **premenstrual syndrome** (PMS) or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)