1. Cancer development
- -steps of cell growth
-malignant vs. benign
-S/S
-staging (TNM)
2. Initiation (Steps of cell growth)
- -this is an irreversible event
-that can lead to cancer development
-this can happen due to the presence of carcinogens (cancer causing agents i.e. cxm.,
physical agents (barret's epithelium in the esophagus), or viruses (HPV)
3. Promotion (Steps of cell growth)
- -refers to the enhanced growth of a cell by substances known as promoters
-hormones (especially estrogen), body proteins i.e. insulin
-causes the malignant cells to divide more rapidly & become a tumor
-the period between initiation & growth into a tumor called the latency period-can
range from months to yrs.
4. Progression (Steps of cell growth)
- -is the continued change of cancer making it more malignant
-after a tumor grows to 1cm-it has at least 1 billion cells
-once it begins to build its own blood supply, it becomes a health problem
-as tumors grow they contain less and less normal cells
Category | NURS EXAM |
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