1. What psychological principle is most important when communicating with patients who have experienced trauma? A) Classical conditioning B) Operant conditioning C) Social learning theory D) Cognitive appraisal theory Answer: D Rationale: Cognitive appraisal theory is crucial in understanding how patients perceive and cope with traumatic events, which directly impacts their emotional and psychological recovery. 2. Which theory explains the stages of grief a patient may go through after receiving a terminal diagnosis? A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs B) Kubler-Ross's stages of grief C) Erikson's stages of psychosocial development D) Piaget's stages of cognitive development Answer: B Rationale: Kubler-Ross's stages of grief outline the process of emotional and psychological adjustment to a significant loss, such as a terminal illness. 3. When a nurse is trying to reinforce a patient's adherence to a medication schedule, which psychological concept is being applied? A) Positive reinforcement B) Negative reinforcement C) Punishment D) Extinction Answer: A Rationale: Positive reinforcement involves adding a positive stimulus after a desired behavior, which in this case, would encourage the continuation of medication adherence. 4. In the context of pain management, which psychological approach is best suited for helping patients cope with chronic pain? A) Psychodynamic therapy B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy