Data collected in qualitative research are analyzed and interpreted and then written using a __________ report style that is less formal and includes contextual description and direct quotations. ✔✔Narrative Consumers of research can evaluate the strength of a study's evidence by using... ✔✔Critical Thinking The ultimate goal of exploratory research is to provide what for researchers? ✔✔Understanding What is NOT a primary objective of educational research? ✔✔Action What research type is best utilized at solving pressing local issues within educational communities? ✔✔Action Research Applied research (e.g., action research) seeks to answer questions in what setting? ✔✔Real world setting In deciding on whether a particular community program should be continued, what technique should a policy maker employ? ✔✔Summative Evaluation Deductive Reasoning ✔✔The process of drawing a conclusion that is essentially true if the underlying premises are true Ex: Major premise: All schoolteachers are mortal. Minor premise: John is a schoolteacher. Conclusion: Therefore, John is mortal. Inductive Reasoning ✔✔the foundational premises act as helpful but not decisive reasons toward acceptance of a conclusion Ex: If a person gets up every morning to see evidence of the sun in the sky (either clearly in view or behind clouds), that person is likely to conclude that the sun will appear in the sky in some fashion the next morning Psychological factors ✔✔Examining characteristics of individuals and individual-level phenomena (example: learning disabilities) Sociological factors ✔✔Examining how groups form and change Confirmatory (Right Side down) ✔✔Deductive Exploratory (Left Side up) ✔✔Inductive What does the problem of induction explain about the future? ✔✔It might not be similar to the past What source of knowledge asserts that "many truths are knowable independent of observation"? ✔✔Rationalism What characterizes the diagram below, containing both exploratory and confirmatory research methods? ✔✔Cyclical Which of the following is NOT an example of a sociological factor studied by educational researchers? ✔✔How groups and individuals affect one another When evaluating a particular theory, which question would not be suitable to ask? ✔✔Does it provide irrefutable assertions? The phrase "This research study provides findings to support . . ." is reflective of what principle? ✔✔Evidence Theories can have many characteristics. Which characteristic is not likely to be one of them? ✔✔Indisputable = not deniable What purpose does reason serve, according to the philosophical idea of rationalism? ✔✔The source of knowledge What does the problem of induction explain about the future? ✔✔It might not be similar to the past. Which statement is reflective of a replication study? ✔✔Conducting an instructional intervention study of at-risk high school students using techniques shown to be effective in a previous study, but adjusting to fit the new participants' state curriculum standards Which research approach uses a "narrow-angle lens" focusing on only one or a few causal factors at the same time ✔✔Quantitative Research Quantitative researchers most often follow which scientific method to test hypotheses? ✔✔Confirmatory A researcher wants to know whether students who do well in high school algebra classes also do well in college statistics classes. The researcher asks students to self-report their algebra grades at the start of statistics class and then records their midterm and final exams. The purpose of this quantitative study is to... ✔✔Predict students academic performance in statistics class What type of research can be generalized and replicated in order to confirm validity and reliability of the data? ✔✔Quantitative Research What type of research's data does not always provide information about the context? ✔✔Quantitative Research Quantitative research suggest that behavior is... ✔✔Not fully determined/unique Quantitative research often focuses on testing... ✔✔Specific hypotheses Research suggests that college students with high levels of social anxiety also tend to have difficulty getting along with their roommates. Is this a positive or negative correlation? ✔✔Negative Correlation Nonexperimental research designs are... ✔✔- Correlational - Predictive - Causal-comparative methods (studies that examine how different preexisting groups vary on a variable or variables) Causal-Comparative Methods ✔✔Studies that examine how different preexisting groups vary on a variable or variables Comparing groups The purpose of experimental research is to determine... ✔✔Cause-and-effect relationships