What is Methodology? {{Ans- - The science of finding out - Systematic procedure, technique, or mode of inquiry What is empirical knowledge? {{Ans- Knowledge based on what we experience + observe What are the 4 ways of knowing? {{Ans- 1. Authority 2. Tradition 3. Personal Experience 4. Scientific Safeguard Which way of knowing is the most influential? {{Ans- Personal Experience What is authority? {{Ans- Knowledge from someone we think is an expert What are the pros/cons of authority? {{Ans- PROS: - Quick + easy - Experts spend a lot of time + energy CONS: - Overstated expertise - Ulterior motives - Misplaced authority What is tradition? {{Ans- Authority of the past What are the pros/cons of tradition? {{Ans- CONS: - History can change - Often not true in first place - Can result in spreading misinformation What are the downsides + potential pitfalls of personal experience? {{Ans- - Overgeneralization - Selective Observation - Premature closure - Halo effect What is overgeneralization? {{Ans- Observing few events + taking them as evidence of a general pattern What is selective observation? {{Ans- Noticing events that confirm what we already believe + ignoring or discrediting events that are not supportive What is premature closure? {{Ans- Not considering alternatives once you make your mind up about something What is the halo effect? {{Ans- Giving things or people we respect an overly high amount of prestige + authority What are the scientific safeguards against the pitfalls of personal experience? {{Ans- - Conscious training - Measurement devices - Replication - Research designs - Peer review - Constant reinvestigation What is replication? {{Ans- Repeating a research study to test the findings of an earlier study, often under slightly conditions or for a different group of subjects What is social science? {{Ans- The use of scientific methods to investigate individuals, societies, + social processes, including questions related to criminology + criminal justice - The knowledge produced by these investigations Why do we conduct social science research? {{Ans- - Answer practical questions - Make informed decisions. - Make money - Change society - Build basic knowledge What are the four categories of research purposes? {{Ans- - Exploration - Description - Explanation - Evaluation What is the purpose of exploration? {{Ans- Formulate more precise questions for future research - Topics that have not been studied a lot What is the purpose of description? {{Ans- Describe a process, mechanism, or relationship - Document status of something What is the purpose of explanation? {{Ans- To find out why something is What is the purpose of evaluation? {{Ans- Determine effectiveness of specific policies + programs What is theory? {{Ans- A set of interconnected statements or propositions that EXPLAIN how two or more events or factors are related to one another How are theory and research related? {{Ans- Theory always present in research. Can be multiple competing theories to explain same phenomenon How does theory affect method? {{Ans- Direction of logic and Level of Theory What is induction? {{Ans- Specific to general - Begin with abstract logical relationship and move toward concrete evidence What is deduction? {{Ans- Specific to general