What are the four main routes of exposure to toxic substances, and how

can nursing professionals minimize these risks?

- The four main routes of exposure are inhalation, ingestion, dermal

contact, and injection. Nursing professionals can minimize these risks by

implementing proper ventilation systems, promoting safe handling and

storage of chemicals, providing personal protective equipment, and

adhering to safe injection practices.

Explain the difference between acute and chronic toxicity, and provide an

example of each.

- Acute toxicity refers to the immediate adverse effects of a single

exposure to a toxic substance, while chronic toxicity pertains to the longterm harmful effects resulting from repeated exposures. An example of

acute toxicity is an individual experiencing nausea and vomiting after

ingesting a cleaning product, whereas chronic toxicity can be seen in cases

of prolonged exposure to asbestos leading to lung diseases like

mesothelioma.

Define LD50 and explain its significance in toxicology.

- LD50 (Lethal Dose 50) is a measurement used to determine the dose of a

substance that will cause death in 50% of the exposed population. It helps

toxicologists gauge the relative toxicity of different substances and assists

in establishing safe exposure limits for individuals.