Behaviorism - people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid punishments. Reinforcement - meant to increase a good behavior; a reward Punishment - meant to decrease bad behavior Positive reinforcement - involves giving someone something that he or she wants Negative reinforcement - taking away something that someone does not want Positive punishment - involves giving someone something that he or she does not want Negative punishment - involves taking away something that someone does want Extinction - decreases the chances of a response to something by withdrawing reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button Constructivism - a philosophy of education that says that people construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world Social learning - learning through interactions with other people Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development - people learn best from other people who are just a little ahead of them Project-based learning (PBL) - focuses on giving an open-ended question and complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best solution to the problem 4 Steps to PBL - 1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan. Critical Theory - a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view of society Critical theory in education - is about questioning how our educational system can best offer education to all people Problems with access to technology - poorer schools can have a harder time getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students. Humanism - a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their ultimate potential. Self-Directed Learning - involves students learning what they want and need to learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important. Extrinsic motivators - things outside of a person that motivate them to do something. Self-evaluation - thoughtful assessment of one's own work lifelong learners - people who continue to learn even after they leave school Learning - involves storing and accessing information in memory information processing theory of learning - information from the world around us moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory working memory - storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in the past long-term memory - memories that are stored for a person to access later cognitive load - having too much information in working memory and not being able to remember anything chunking - grouping information together to help remember it Automaticity - process of making a task automatic Pragmatism - an educational philosophy that says that education should be about life and growth; teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for life and encourage them to grow into better people practical learning - education should apply to the real world experiential learning - education should come through experience Progressivism - the idea that education does from the experience of the child whole child - teaching students to be good citizens and not just good learners active learning - curriculum that is guided by the children Realism - a philosophy started by the ancient Greek writer, Aristotle. It states that there is a true reality, and things exist whether humans perceive them or not.